综合项目交付(IPD)
<b _extended="true">Integrated Project Delivery – Expanded Sustainability0By James M. Suehiro, AIA
0Architects play an important role in preserving the health of our planet. Two tools that support this role are Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) and Building Information Modeling (BIM). Integrated Project Delivery reduces waste in the building and design process and BIM can facilitate key design decisions about the life cycle of a building. Together, they support an expanded process to increase life cycle sustainability of a building – plan, design, construct and operate.
<b _extended="true">Sustainability, Integrated Project Delivery, and BIM
0Buildings consume nearly 50 percent of U.S .energy and building operation consumes 75 percent of U.S. electricity. By 2035, the number of buildings in the U.S. will nearly double, with two thirds of them being replacement and new buildings. This gives architects the opportunity to greatly influencing the net effect of buildings on global warming.
0Integrated Project Delivery is a tool for sustainable design and construction. According to owners, the traditional design, bid, build project delivery method wastes approximately 30 percent of the total resources of a project. New design technology and software, combined with delivery methods, such as Integrated Design and Integrated Practice, can reduce much of this waste. IPD, as a project realization approach, can optimize delivery of buildings. This is enabled by new project business models such as "Project Alliance" type agreements. The IPD approach requires a common contractual arrangement between the owner, constructor, and designer focused on common goals.
0BIM enables effective collaboration toward common goals identified in an IPD approach. BIM virtually constructs the building and allows all design and construct disciplines to contribute diverse expertise to help achieve owner goals. Using BIM helps make sure the building is cost effective by providing quantification metrics, reducing errors and unknown design conditions, and resolving construction conflicts. BIM is also by nature a collaboration tool for the design, process, delivery, and communication of realizing architecture.
<b _extended="true">Life Cycle Optimization
0Building life cycle optimization is a sustainable approach that is especially pertinent to facility needs of major institutions. Life cycle optimization is a difficult goal to achieve for many major institutional building types since these buildings require change on a regular basis.
0Some basic design principles that enable sustainability are:
0• Infrastructure design must be adaptable or flexible to accommodate change
0• The design must be expandable to accommodate growth
0• Building finishes must be durable and easy to maintain to optimize operational costs.
0In addition, the design must provide humane experiences, respond to environmental conditions, provide comfortable spaces for people, and reduce energy loads to lower operating cost.
0Strategic planning and facilities planning are critical phases of building delivery for incorporating these principles and meeting sustainability goals. By beginning design with an integrated planning and delivery approach in conjunction with BIM, Architects can acheive sustainable life cycle optimization for all buildings, including those serving major institutions.
<b _extended="true">Expanding the Role of BIM
0BIM technology is the underlying tool for strategy, planning, design, construction, operations, and maintenance of sustainable buildings. Its use can positively influence any business enterprise and its sustainable future. BIM files can serve as the entity containing information gathered from other digital program decision tools. Linking BIM to spreadsheet programs can facilitate demand and capacity analyses; allow for consideration of concept alternatives; create simulations of functional processes, and track performance metrics of sustainable design elements.
<b _extended="true">BIM has value in demand and capacity analysis and programming
0Major institution facility planning involves anticipating future growth trends, analyzing the existing capacity of facilities and then developing concepts that meet future requirements. Facilities have operational processes that are designed to suit the needs of their functions. Traditionally, a demand/capacity analysis involves understanding the physical characteristics and operational performance of a facility by using two dimensional drawings to separately calculate floor areas and then measure process flow. These two knowledge components serve as the fundamental basis to determine requirements for new facilities and physical planning alternatives. With BIM software, these two traditionally disparate forms of information are merged into one tool. As the model is drawn, information such as areas, volumes, operational parameters and demand/capacity calculations are assigned to objects that graphically represent the facility. This information is viewed within the model and can be exported as a spreadsheet for tabulations and calculations where each functional result can be compared to others within the facility and thus provide a holistic perspective.
<b _extended="true">BIM has value in concept alternatives analysis
0As a multi-dimensional model, BIM allows for visualization of various facility improvement concepts, derived during alternative analysis. With BIM, they can be visually evaluated within the context of the program and relationship to the physical environment. Concept alternatives include functional, operational, cost, and sustainable design information which can all be visualized and critiqued during the process of deciding by using the BIM tool. Major institutional projects typically involve interfacing with the community and stakeholders in a workshop forum and by using BIM, concepts can be better understood through enhanced visualization of the proposed developments.
<b _extended="true">BIM has value in cost and sustainable design analyses
0When a preferred concept has been selected, the design is further refined and will include more information for detailed cost and sustainable design analysis. BIM allows specific unit costs and sustainable design measurements to be attributed to each object drawn. As a result, cost and sustainable design information is embedded into the multi-dimensional model allowing the information to become dynamic in nature. Objects can be modified visually (expanded or reduced) and the information will adjust accordingly. Every exported spreadsheet file from the BIM model will result in the most current information.
<b _extended="true">Figure 1. Des Moines International Airport Master Plan: BIM is linked directly to cost modeling program. (Source: NBBJ)
<b _extended="true">BIM has value beyond planning and design as a management tool
0Simulation modeling is another planning and design tool that has been developing into 3-D form. This tool simulates the movement and processing of people or other elements within the model, based on process data, schedules, and time/distance metrics. Simulation is essentially a fourth-dimension that measures functional performance of a facility through a timeline and is a management tool to measure level of service. Merging BIM and simulation modeling as one product becomes a very powerful dynamic tool that can be used throughout the life of the facility and its future development. BIM can also be saturated with pertinent and useful information, from the beginning of master planning through construction. Facility managers then have a tool to determine life cycle costs and to apply operational metrics—yet another avenue to achieving sustainability. Properly maintained, this model becomes a living, as-built depiction of the facility without the obsolescence associated with paper documents. BIM can be used by major institutions to manage the balance between operational need and financial resources with planned facility improvements and expansions.
<b _extended="true">Figure 2. Des Moines International Airport Master Plan: BIM is linked directly to facilities program analysis. (Source: NBBJ)
0BIM is a valuable sustainable design tool because it enables an integrated practice methodology for architects and constructors, and potentially, an integrated delivery process for owners. Through the use of these practices, owners will find value in an improved delivery process that reduces waste and produces more stable results. For constructors, use of IPD and BIM will reduce constructability issues and provide more certainty in scheduling. And for designers, these processes and tools will result in fewer issues with building systems coordination and enhanced creative freedom. Once implemented industry-wide, IPD and BIM will give all involved less risk and more potential for excellence in sustainable design.
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0When this article was first published, Jim Suehiro, AIA, was Principal at NBBJ, Seattle. He is currently Principal, Suehiro Architecture, and is AIA Northwest + Pacific Regional Director on the AIA National Board. He is Chair of the Board's Integrated Practice Discussion Group.
0Keywords: Practice, Sustainable design, Integrated project delivery, BIM, Building information modeling, Life cycle optimization, Facilities planning, Article
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